An array is a fundamental data structure used in programming to store and organize a collection of elements of the same data type. These elements are stored in contiguous memory locations, which allows for efficient access and manipulation of the data. Each element in an array is identified by an index, which typically starts from 0 and increments by 1 for each subsequent element.
Arrays can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional, depending on the number of indices needed to access an element. Here's a breakdown of these types:
- One-Dimensional Array: This is a linear collection of elements where each element is accessed using a single index. It can be visualized as a simple list or sequence.
- Two-Dimensional Array: Also known as a matrix, a two-dimensional array is organized into rows and columns, forming a grid-like structure. Elements are accessed using two indices, one for the row and one for the column.
- Multi-Dimensional Array: Arrays with more than two dimensions are referred to as multi-dimensional arrays. They extend the concept of two-dimensional arrays into higher dimensions, and elements are accessed using multiple indices.
Accessing Elements: You can access elements in an array using their index, which starts from 0. For example:
cint myArray[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; int element = myArray[2]; // Accesses the third element (30)
Modifying Elements: You can modify the value of an element by assigning a new value to it using its index:
cmyArray[3] = 45; // Changes the fourth element to 45
Looping Through Array: You can use loops to iterate through all elements of an array:
cfor (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { printf("%d\n", myArray[i]); }
Array Initialization: You can initialize an array during declaration:
cint myArray[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
Array Copying: You can copy the contents of one array to another using loops:
cint newArray[5]; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { newArray[i] = myArray[i]; }
Finding Minimum and Maximum: You can iterate through the array to find the minimum or maximum value:
cint min = myArray[0]; int max = myArray[0]; for (int i = 1; i < 5; i++) { if (myArray[i] < min) { min = myArray[i]; } if (myArray[i] > max) { max = myArray[i]; } }
Sorting: You can implement sorting algorithms to rearrange the elements in ascending or descending order.
Searching: You can implement searching algorithms to find a specific element within the array.
Array of Strings: C allows arrays of characters, which can be used to store strings.
Multi-Dimensional Arrays: C supports multi-dimensional arrays, allowing you to create matrices and work with data in multiple dimensions.
Pointer Arithmetic: Since arrays decay into pointers in C, you can perform pointer arithmetic to navigate through array elements.
- values: An array containing non-zero values of the matrix, typically in row-major order.
- columns: An array containing the column indices of the corresponding non-zero values.
- row_ptr: An array indicating the index in the values and columns arrays where each row starts.
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